How Aldrich Ames became the US's most damaging double agent1 hour agoShareSaveMyles BurkeShareSaveGetty Images

Aldrich Ames spent nearly a decade selling secret information to the Soviet Union, compromising more than 100 clandestine operations, and leading to the deaths of at least 10 Western intelligence assets. On 28 April 1994, the double agent was jailed for life. In February of that year, the BBC spoke to one of the spies who was betrayed by Ames, but who lived to tell the tale.

In 1985, Soviet agents working for the CIA suddenly began to disappear. One by one, these Western intelligence sources were picked up by the Soviet intelligence service, the KGB, interrogated and, very often, executed. 

Oleg Gordievsky was one of those double agents. As the KGB's station chief in London, he had been secretly working for the UK's foreign intelligence service, MI6, for years. But one day he found himself in Moscow, drugged, exhausted after five hours of questioning, and facing the very real possibility of death by firing squad. Gordievsky narrowly escaped with his life after MI6 smuggled him out of the Soviet Union in the boot of a car.

WATCH: 'He was recalled to Moscow, drugged, interrogated and prepared for the worst'.

Afterwards, Gordievsky tried to work out who had given him up. "For nearly nine years I have been guessing who was the man, who was the source who betrayed me, and I didn't know any answer," he told the BBC's Tom Mangold in an interview with Newsnight on 28 February 1994. Two months later, Gordievsky would get his answer when veteran CIA officer Aldrich Ames stood up in a US courtroom, and confessed to compromising "virtually all Soviet agents of the CIA and other American and foreign services known to me".

On 28 April 1994, Ames admitted that he had divulged the identities of more than 30 agents spying for the West, and compromised more than 100 clandestine operations. Known to the KGB by his code name, Kolokol (The Bell), Ames's betrayal had resulted in the execution of at least 10 CIA intelligence assets including General Dmitri Polyakov, a senior official in Soviet army intelligence, who had supplied information to the West for more than 20 years. Ames, the most damaging KGB mole in US history, was convicted and sentenced to life without parole.

Just as British spy Kim Philby's exposure as a Soviet agent in the 1960s had rocked the UK establishment, it was "now Washington's turn to stare in disbelief at the extent of Ames's damage", said Mangold in 1994.

He regrets getting caught – he doesn't regret being a spy – Leslie G Wiser

It was Ames's role as head of the CIA's Soviet counterintelligence department that had allowed him to cause such damage. It gave him almost unfettered access to classified information about the US's covert operations against the USSR and, crucially, the identities of its agents in the field. Ames's position had also meant that he could sit in on debriefings from other Western spy agencies. This is how the UK's most valuable spy, Gordievsky, a KGB colonel who was passing vital intelligence to two British services, MI6 and MI5, came into contact with him. These meetings would create the outlandish situation wherein "the top KGB defector was debriefed by the top KGB mole", said Mangold.

"The Americans were very thorough and really very good at debriefings," said Gordievsky. "I was enthusiastic. I liked the Americans. I wanted to share my knowledge with them, and now I realise [Ames] was sitting there. Which means that everything, all the new answers of my information, he must have passed to the KGB."

Alcohol and divorce

Ames had been exposed to the spy world at an early age. His father was a CIA analyst who helped his son get a job at the Agency after he had dropped out of college. But Ames's later decision to betray the intelligence service would be driven less by ideological misgivings as by his need for money.

Initially, Ames showed promise as a counterintelligence officer. He was first posted with his wife Nancy Segebarth, a fellow CIA agent, to Turkey in the late 1960s, where he was tasked with recruiting foreign agents. But by 1972 his superiors had called Ames back to CIA headquarters, feeling that he wasn't cut out for field work. Back in the US, he studied Russian, and was assigned to planning field operations against Soviet officials.

His father's struggles with alcohol had stalled his CIA career, and, similarly, Ames's own heavy drinking began to derail his progress. In 1972, he was discovered by another agent, intoxicated and in a compromising position with a female CIA employee. The situation was not helped by Ames's lackadaisical attitude to work, which saw him leave a briefcase full of classified information on a subway in 1976.

In History

In History is a series which uses the BBC's unique audio and video archive to explore historical events that still resonate today. Subscribe to the accompanying weekly newsletter. 

In an effort to get his career back on track, Ames accepted a second overseas posting to Mexico City in 1981, while his wife stayed at home in New York. But his behaviour and continued excessive drinking meant that he failed to distinguish himself as a CIA officer. In 1981, he was involved in a traffic accident in Mexico City, and was so inebriated that he was unable to answer the police's questions or even recognise a US embassy officer sent to help him. After a particular drunken profanity-laden argument with a Cuban official at a diplomatic reception at the embassy, his superior recommended the CIA assess him for alcohol addiction on his return to the US.

 

AlamyAldrich Ames dropped out of college, but his father was a CIA analyst who helped him get a job at the Agency (Credit: Alamy)

Ames also continued to engage in extramarital affairs, one of which would prove to be a turning point for him. Toward the end of 1982, he began a relationship with a Colombian cultural attaché recruited to work for the CIA, Maria del Rosario Casas Dupuy. Their romance grew increasingly serious until Ames decided to divorce his first wife, marry Rosario and bring her back to the US with him.

Despite his less than stellar performance at the CIA, Ames continued to fail upwards. On his return to the Agency's headquarters in 1983, he was made counterintelligence branch chief for Soviet operations, giving him widespread access to information about clandestine CIA activities. 

Ames had agreed as part of his divorce settlement to Nancy to pay the debts they had accrued as a couple, as well as paying monthly support. Compounded by his new wife Rosario's expensive tastes, her love of shopping sprees and her frequent phone calls to her family in Colombia, Ames's money problems spiralled out of control. He would later tell Arizona senator Dennis DeConcini that it was his escalating debts that led him to contemplate selling the secrets he had access to. "I felt a great deal of financial pressure, which, in retrospect, I was clearly overreacting to," Ames said. 

WATCH: 'For nine years I've been guessing who was the man who had betrayed me'.Betraying his country

"It was about the money, and I don't think he ever really tried to lead anybody to believe it was anything more than that," FBI agent Leslie G Wiser, who was involved in the investigation that led to Ames's arrest, told the BBC's Witness History in 2015.

On 16 April 1985, having had a few drinks to build up his courage, Ames walked straight into the Russian embassy in Washington DC. Once inside, he passed the receptionist an envelope containing the names of some double agents, documents showing his credentials as a CIA insider, and a note demanding $50,000. He would claim in a Senate report that he had initially believed this to be a one-time deal to get him out of his financial black hole, but he soon realised that he had "crossed a line, [and] I could never step back". 

More like this:

• How Vladimir Putin rose to power in Russia

• How Oskar Schindler saved 1,200 Jewish people in WW2

• How the US dropped nuclear bombs on Spain in 1966

For the next nine years, Ames was paid to pass over a wealth of top secret information to the KGB. He would take classified documents – detailing everything from listening devices connected to Moscow's space facility to new state-of-the-art technology that was able to count Soviet missiles' nuclear warheads – wrap them in plastic bags, and simply carry them out of the CIA. Since his role involved official meetings with Russian diplomats, he was often able to meet his handlers face-to-face without arousing suspicion. He would also leave packets of classified documents in secret pre-arranged sites called dead drops. 

"If he was going to make a dead drop, earlier he would place a chalk mark on a mailbox, for instance, and the Russians would see that chalk mark, and then they would know that the drop had been loaded with the documents," said Wiser. "Later, when they retrieved the documents, they would go and erase the chalk mark. He would then know that the transfer of documents was done safely and securely."

It was through Ames's leaking of secret intelligence information that the KGB would identify virtually all of the CIA's spies in the Soviet Union, effectively shutting down its US covert operations there. "I'm not aware of any other spy or mole in the US that has caused such a loss of human life in terms of human assets," said Wiser. The sudden disappearance of so many CIA assets did raise alarms and trigger the search for the mole within the Agency in 1986, but Ames would continue to slip under the radar for the best part of a decade.

Getty ImagesAmes is the highest-ranking CIA officer ever to be exposed as a double agent (Credit: Getty Images)

And he was paid handsomely for his treachery, receiving a total of about $2.5 million from the Soviet Union. Ames made little attempt to hide his newfound wealth. Despite never having a salary of more than $70,000 a year, he bought a new $540,000 house in cash, spent tens of thousands of dollars on home improvements and purchased a Jaguar car. It would be his lavish lifestyle and spending that would place him in the spotlight, and lead to his eventual arrest by Wiser's FBI team in 1994. 

After he was picked up by the FBI, Ames cooperated with the authorities. He detailed the extent of his spying activities in exchange for a plea deal that secured a lenient sentence for Rosario, who admitted that she had known about the cash and his meetings with the Soviets. She was released after five years. Ames, the highest-ranking CIA officer ever to be exposed as a double agent, continues to serve out his life sentence at a US federal penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana.

To this day, Ames has shown very little remorse for his actions or for the deaths that they led to. "He had a very high opinion of himself," said Wiser about Ames. "He regrets getting caught. He doesn't regret being a spy."

--

For more stories and never-before-published radio scripts to your inbox, sign up to the In History newsletter, while The Essential List delivers a handpicked selection of features and insights twice a week.

For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on Facebook, X and Instagram.

In HistoryHistoryFeaturesWatchWhy we're still talking about Maud Wagner

How America's first professional female tattooist broke through into an art form historically dominated by men.

4 Mar 2025HistoryThe insulting 'Vinegar Valentine' of Victorian England

Valentine’s Day is thought to celebrate romance but rude cards soured the holiday for its recipients.

14 Feb 2025HistoryRichard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long-lost king

Why a famous photograph of King Richard III's skeleton was a happy 'accident'.

11 Feb 2025HistoryThe WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles

An unexpected WW2 experiment by behaviourist B F Skinner proved that pigeons could be used for missile guidance.

4 Feb 2025HistoryAmerica's last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of US patriots

How a dwindling group of veterans from the American War of Independence were featured in early photographic form.

7 Jan 2025HistoryIdris Elba on moment he learned about Mandela's death

The actor recalls being at the Mandela film premiere when he heard the anti-apartheid politician had died.

7 Dec 2024HistoryMary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'

How Mary Mallon, an Irish cook for New York's elite, became known as the 'most dangerous woman in America'.

17 Nov 2024HistoryWorld War One relics live on in the fields of Europe

The battlegrounds of World War One are still giving up their revealing evidence of bitter fighting.

12 Nov 2024HistoryThe picture that tells a lesser-known chapter of US history

How a 1892 photo from Rougeville, Michigan, became the most iconic image of the bison massacre in America.

22 Oct 2024HistoryThe history of swing states in the US

The US Presidential elections did not always depend on just these seven states.

21 Oct 2024HistoryWhy tonnes of mummified cats ended up in England

In 1890 an estimated cargo of 180,000 ancient felines, weighing 19.5 tonnes, were auctioned off in Liverpool.

18 Sep 2024HistoryInside the ancient royal tomb found by accident

The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak was accidentally discovered by Bulgarian soldiers digging up shelters in 1944.

11 Sep 2024ArchaeologyVarna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure

The Varna treasure is considered the world's oldest human processed gold, dating back 6,500 years.

10 Sep 2024ArchaeologyThe giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral

Hiding in a London cathedral is an intricate wooden mock-up of Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece.

5 Sep 2024HistoryUncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city

Bettany Hughes goes underwater in search of ancient archaeological finds in historic Sozopol, Bulgaria.

4 Sep 2024ArchaeologyTexas fever: The lesser-known history of the US border

In 1911, a fence was constructed on the US-Mexico border. But its purpose was not to stop humans.

18 Aug 2024HistoryCentury-old Olympics footage brought back to life

A look through footage from the Paris 1924 Olympics gives viewers a chance to reflect on how much has changed.

9 Aug 2024SportThe rare medieval street about to reveal its secrets

One of Europe's oldest residential streets hides in the heart of the English countryside.

23 Jul 2024HistoryTutankhamun: The first ever view inside the tomb

One month after the famous discovery, photographer Harry Burton recreated the first view of Tutankhamun's tomb.

5 Jul 2024HistoryListen to the oldest known recording of a human voice

Thomas Edison wasn't the first person to record sound. It was a Frenchman who invented sound recording in 1857.

3 Jul 2024HistoryMore2 hrs agoWhat your earwax can reveal about your health

Earwax can contain valuable indicators to a person's health. Now scientists are analysing its chemistry in the hope of finding new ways of diagnosing diseases.

2 hrs agoFuture22 hrs agoScotland's most remote railway adventure

Running from Inverness to Britain's most northerly junction, the Far North Line passes through sheep meadows, traditional villages and the world's only Unesco-listed blanket peat bog.

22 hrs agoTravel1 day agoThe people 'meadowscaping' their lawns

Turning lawns into meadows can have big benefits for people, wildlife and the climate. Here's why 'meadowscaping' has become the latest gardening craze.

1 day agoFuture1 day agoHistory walk retraces attempted invasion of Jersey

Historian Ian Ronayne says the lesser-known battle is a "remarkable story".

1 day agoJersey1 day agoArchaeological finds feature on new set of stamps

The stamps celebrate the bailiwick's "extraordinarily rich archaeological heritage".

1 day agoGuernsey